Effect of Psychological Distress and Self-Control on Electronic Cigarette Dependence among University Students

Abstract

The increasing use of electronic cigarettes among young adults has raised serious public health concerns, especially in developing countries like Pakistan where awareness and regulation remain limited. This study aimed to examine the predictive roles of psychological distress, self-control, and gender in relation to e-cigarette dependence among university students. Data were collected from a sample of university students using validated measures: the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS), and the Penn State Electronic Cigarette Dependence Index (PSECDI). The results showed that psychological distress significantly positively predicted e-cigarette dependence, suggesting that students may use vaping as a coping mechanism for anxiety, depression, or stress. Self-control was found to significantly negatively predict e-cigarette dependence, indicating that individuals with lower self-regulation were more likely to engage in habitual vaping. Additionally, psychological distress negatively predicted self control, supporting the idea that emotional distress can impair one’s ability to control impulses. Gender significantly predicted psychological distress levels, but not self-control or e-cigarette dependence. These findings highlight the importance of addressing both emotional well-being and behavioral regulation in efforts to reduce e-cigarette use among young adults. The study contributed to the limited literature on vaping in the Pakistani context and emphasized the need for culturally appropriate prevention programs that integrate mental health support and self-control training. Such strategies can help promote healthier lifestyles and reduce nicotine dependence among university populations.