Frequency of Affective Seasonal Disorder among University Students in Islamabad

Abstract

Mental health is a critical aspect of overall well-being, especially for university students who face academic, social, and financial pressures. Seasonal changes, such as variations in daylight, temperature, and weather patterns, have been shown to affect mental health, leading to conditions like Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). However, there is limited research on how these seasonal variations influence the mental health of university students in South Asia, particularly in Pakistan. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and predictors of SAD among university students in Islamabad, a region with distinct seasonal patterns. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Bahria University to assess the impact of seasonal changes on mood, depression, anxiety, and stress levels among students. A sample of 331 students was selected using convenience sampling and data was collected through a self-administered structured questionnaire, comprising four sections: sociodemographic characteristics, environmental predictors, psychosocial predictors, and the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). Additionally, the DASS-21 scale was used to assess mental health outcomes. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and inferential methods such as correlation and regression analyses to examine relationships between seasonal changes, demographic factors, and mental health. The study revealed significant seasonal variations in mood, with 45.1% of participants reporting marked-to-extreme changes in energy levels and mood, alongside similar patterns in appetite (33.4%) and social activity (51%). A clear winter-type pattern emerged, with peaks in feeling worst and weight gain during colder months like February and December, contrasting with improved well-being in spring months such as March. Demographic factors indicated a predominantly young adult sample (55.1% aged 21-23), with females (56.9%) showing higher vulnerability. Lifestyle risks included low physical activity (80.4% occasional or never), insufficient sleep (45.1% ≤6 hours nightly), and limited awareness of mental health services (43.1% unaware). Variations were noted based on gender, living conditions, and academic stress. The findings provide important insights into the mental health challenges faced by students in Pakistan and contribute to the development of culturally sensitive mental health interventions.