Abstract:
As we undergo the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the emergence and widespread adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) marks a pivotal moment in the transformation of human systems. Among its various forms, generative AI has rapidly gained prominence, introducing new ways of working, learning, and creating. While AI as a field has existed for decades, its exponential growth in recent years has outpaced policy, regulation, and pedagogy, leaving many areas under-explored. Understanding the challenges and opportunities presented by generative AI is crucial for institutions, systems, and processes that are either directly integrating these tools or being reshaped by their presence. This qualitative study focused on higher education in Pakistan, a context where the adoption of generative AI is emerging but remains understudied. Using in-depth interviews, participant observation, and focus group discussions, this research explored how students and educators engage with generative AI tools, particularly ChatGPT, in their academic work. Actor-network theory (ANT) was used as the analytical framework to map the human and non-human actors involved in this evolving network. Findings revealed three core insights. First, generative AI tools are being used by both students and teachers to assist with academic tasks, influencing not just efficiency but also the processes of knowledge production. Second, ethical concerns emerged due to the absence of clear institutional policies, leading to uncertainty and improvised strategies around acceptable use. Third, participants expressed an urgent need for formal guidelines, training, and digital infrastructure to ensure responsible and equitable use of AI in academic settings. Additionally, region-specific challenges such as digital literacy gaps and the digital divide were found to significantly affect accessibility and the depth of generative AI integration. This study contributes to the growing discourse on AI in education by offering a grounded, context-specific analysis of how generative AI is reshaping academic practices in Pakistan.
