Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality of Selected Areas of Chakwal and its Association with Public Awareness

Abstract

This study investigates the drinking water quality in Chakwal, Pakistan, focusing on the physio-chemical, biological, and public awareness dimensions. The research aims to evaluate the quality of water across different union councils of Chakwal by analyzing key parameters such as pH (average value of 7.7), electrical conductivity (EC, average value of 1461 µS/cm), total dissolved solids (TDS, average value of 1040 mg/L), nitrate levels (up to 11.43 mg/L), sulfate levels (up to 1477 mg/L), and biological contamination (bacterial contamination found in 100% of samples using nutrient agar). In addition to physical and chemical analyses, a survey was conducted with 100 residents to gauge public awareness regarding water quality issues and the methods used for water treatment in the region. The findings reveal significant variations in water quality across the samples collected, with some parameters exceeding permissible limits. While most physical and chemical parameters generally met international standards (such as pH between 6.5 to 8.5, and TDS within 1000 mg/L), biological contamination was a major concern, with bacterial growth found in several samples. The survey results show that 58% of residents are aware of drinking water quality in their area, but only 35% have clear understanding of waterborne diseases and water treatment options. Furthermore, the study identified a gap between public awareness and the actual quality of drinking water, indicating the need for targeted educational campaigns and improved infrastructure. This research underscores the critical importance of improving water quality monitoring, public health education, and the adoption of safe water treatment practices in Chakwal. Implementing better water quality management practices could significantly reduce health risks associated with contaminated water in the region.