Inter-Provincial Water Dispute in Pakistan: Challenges and Way Forward

Abstract

This thesis investigates the complex inter-provincial water disputes in Pakistan, focusing on the historical, political, and institutional factors that have shaped water governance. The study examines the evolution of water allocation systems, particularly following the partition of British India and the subsequent agreements such as the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960 and the Water Apportionment Accord of 1991. By analyzing the socio-political dynamics between the provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan, the research highlights the inequities in water distribution, exacerbated by population growth, climate change, and political interference. The research applies Conflict Resolution Theory to understand the underlying causes of water-related conflicts and suggests practical solutions for improving water governance. The study advocates for institutional reforms, the enhancement of transparency in water distribution, and the adoption of modern technologies such as digital water management systems. Furthermore, it calls for a more equitable water-sharing framework that considers the evolving demands of agriculture, industry, and domestic use. Ultimately, this thesis aims to provide actionable recommendations for achieving sustainable and just water resource management in Pakistan, emphasizing the need for cooperation between federal and provincial institutions and international collaboration for managing transboundary water resources.