Combating maritime piracy: assessing challenges and proposing solutions in Pakistani perspective

Abstract

Maritime piracy remains a significant threat to international trade and regional security, particularly in the Arabian Sea, which directly impacts Pakistan. This research critically examines the challenges Pakistan faces in suppressing maritime piracy, focusing on legal, operational, and strategic aspects. The study adopts a doctrinal legal research methodology, utilizing primary sources such as international treaties (UNCLOS, SUA Convention), national legislation, and case law, alongside secondary sources like books and reports. The research employs comparative analysis, case law analysis, and legislative analysis to assess global best practices and their applicability to Pakistan’s anti-piracy framework. The findings highlight major gaps in Pakistan’s legal and operational responses, including jurisdictional challenges, inadequate enforcement mechanisms, and insufficient regional cooperation. Notably, the Pakistan Maritime Zones Act 2023 has been enacted, but its rules are yet to be formulated, leaving a significant void in regulatory enforcement. The study stresses that the rule-making process must consider practical factors such as regional cooperation, coordination with international maritime security efforts, and the integration of private security companies to bolster Pakistan’s anti-piracy capabilities. Additionally, improving maritime surveillance and training for naval personnel is critical for strengthening Pakistan's operational response. The research recommends legal reforms to enhance prosecution mechanisms, increased regional collaboration for maritime security, and the improvement of technical capabilities for the Maritime Security Agency and Pakistan Navy. It also calls for policy and operational integration with multinational anti-piracy initiatives. In conclusion, addressing Pakistan’s maritime piracy challenges requires a comprehensive strategy involving legal modernization, regional cooperation, and capacity building to protect national maritime interests effectively.