Biological, Physicochemical and Heavy Metal Analysis of Drinking Water from Different Places of Chakwal Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract

The present study was aimed to assess and compare the surface and groundwater quality parameters with Pak-EPA and WHO standards. Four different sample sources were selected i.e. Tube well, Bore well. Dhrabi dam and Hand pump. Total thirty five samples have been taken from all sources. Physicochemical parameters like pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Temperature, Alkalinity, Total hardness, Carbonates etc and biological analysis include total bacterial count, coliform, Salmonella and Shigella with heavy metals like Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr and Mn were examined to find out the quality of drinking water. Physicochemical parameters results showed that most of the results were within the permissible limits of Pak-EPA and WHO. Except some locations of surface and ground water have higher concentration of microbiological and heavy metals (Ni, Cr). Most of the finding shows that over all water quality is not safe for drinking, because some parameters analysis exceeding from the standard values. To save lives of local residents, it's important to monitor the water quality, regulate the techniques and filtration plant should be installed by local governments to provide safe and clean drinking water.