Abstract:
In the 21st century, advances in computer technology and data science have brought significant innovation to orthodontics,
especially through Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML). This study, conducted from July 2 to August
15, 2024, in the Orthodontic Department at Rawal Institute of Health Sciences Islamabad, reviews AI’s transformative role
in dentistry, focusing on its applications, benefits, and challenges. A comprehensive literature search across PubMed and
Google Scholar yielded 260 peer-reviewed articles from 2001 to 2024. After applying stringent selection criteria, the review
focused on AI's historical development, applications, and limitations in orthodontics. While AI enhances diagnostic imaging
and patient care, it cannot replace clinical expertise. Key challenges include patient privacy, data security, and ethical
considerations. AI systems rely heavily on high-quality data, necessitating rigorous training. Therefore, AI should be viewed
as an adjunct in orthodontics, providing a “second opinion” to support clinical decisions
