Abstract:
Biomarker research and justification for neurodegenerative illnesses have seen enormous
efforts over the last ten years. Bio- fluid-based biomarkers have been believed to provide a
better and easier approach to detecting biomarkers for diagnosing nervous system pathologies.
Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic potential of certain biomarkers in serum and
cerebrospinal fluid to diagnose Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's
disease at an initial stage. Methods: 280 participants were taken and distributed into four
groups, comprising, 70 patients with early-stage Alzheimer's disease, 70 with early-stage
Parkinson's disease, 70 with early-stage Huntington's disease, and 70 age-matched healthy
controls. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples were drawn and medical history was taken from
the patients. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid-beta (Aβ42), total tau (t-tau),
phosphorylated tau (p-tau), alpha-synuclein, huntingtin protein, and neuro- lament light chain
were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: Alzheimer's disease
patients showed reduced serum Aβ42 (80.4 ± 15.6 pg/mL) and elevated t-tau (140.5 ± 18.2 pg/mL).
Parkinson's disease patients had raised serum alpha-synuclein (12.5 ± 2.3 ng/mL) and neuro
lament light chain. Huntington's disease patients showed significant increases in serum
huntingtin protein (8.2 ± 2.0 ng/mL). These pro les indicate efficacy in early diagnosis.
Conclusions: It was concluded that Aβ42 and tau effectively detect Alzheimer's disease, while
Parkinson's disease patients can be effectively diagnosed with Serum and cerebrospinal fluid
levels of the neuro- lament light chain. Similarly, huntingtin protein and neuro- lament light
chain are sensitive enough to detect Huntington's disease at its early stages.
