Assessing The Combustion Generated Emissions From The Vehicular Exhaust In Islamabad, Pakistan

Abstract

A study was conducted to evaluate the level of air pollution caused by vehicular emissions in selected areas of Islamabad, the capital city. A total of 300 vehicles, categorized by fuel type (Petrol, CNG, and Diesel), were tested in collaboration with Steinol Solutions Pvt Ltd (SSPL) and the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) for four primary toxic pollutants: CO, NOx, CO₂, and hydrocarbons. The test took place at five distinct locations within Islamabad. The concentrations of these pollutants were analyzed for different vehicles, and the measured values were compared with the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). Maximum hydrocarbons were emitted by CNG-powered vehicles as compared to gasoline powered vehicles. At the same time, CO from petrol vehicles was greater than all other pollutants and sources. Older models from Honda, Suzuki, Toyota have been linked to high CO, CO₂, and HC emissions. Hyundai, Mazda, Toyota, and Nissan have also shown high NOx emissions and smoke opacity issues, often due to lack of proper maintenance and brakes. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that the current state of vehicular emissions in Islamabad is extremely poor, highlighting the urgent need for the development of strategies applicable across Pakistan. Factors contributing to this situation include fuel quality, traffic congestion, and insufficient vehicle maintenance. Collaborative efforts among government authorities, environmental agencies, and the community will be crucial in fostering a cleaner and healthier urban environment for all residents.