Exploring the Cultural Stigmas of Breast Cancer : Impact on its Diagnosis & Treatment in Pakistan

Abstract

Breast cancer is one of the Global Public Health Concern, and Pakistan faces difficulties because of long-standing cultural stigmas that have a big influence on diagnosis and treatment. This study delves into the complex dynamics surrounding these stigmas, emphasizing their causes, and implications for women's health. Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women in Pakistan; however, because of widespread societal taboos and misconceptions, it is still underdiagnosed and undertreated. Pakistan holds the highest incidence rate of breast cancer among Asian countries with one in every nine women being at risk. The study, which was carried out at the Polyclinic Hospital in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, focuses on recognizing these stigmas in two cities. Lack of knowledge and education regarding breast cancer exacerbates the stigma attached to the condition. Many women, particularly those living in rural regions, are unaware of the signs of breast cancer and how crucial early detection is. Myths and false information, such as the idea that immoral behaviour or a curse causes breast cancer, further discourage women from getting the early medical care they need. Due to the atmosphere created by these cultural beliefs, women are unwilling to undergo routine screenings or self-examinations, which results in late-stage diagnoses when the disease is more difficult to cure. The lack of access to and inadequate diagnosis of breast cancer in Pakistan is mostly due to inadequate healthcare infrastructure. Societal stigmas have a significant effect on breast cancer detection and therapy. Delays in treatment are common among women diagnosed with breast cancer, which worsens their prognoses and increases their fatality rates. The study finds numerous significant issues through in-depth interviews with Polyclinic Hospital breast cancer patients. These include the widespread stigma and feeling of shame associated with breast cancer, the harm caused by myths and misunderstandings, the emotional impact of stigma, and the obstacles in the way of receiving healthcare. The results emphasize how urgently culturally competent health treatments are needed. Campaigns for public health that raise awareness and educate the public about breast cancer are crucial. The goals of these initiatives need to be to dispel stereotypes, support early detection, and promote open discussions surrounding women's health. Moreover, enhancing the healthcare infrastructure—especially in remote regions—and offering patients emotional support might also lessen the negative effects of these cultural stigmas.