Investigation Of Radon, Chromium, Zinc And Iron In Drinking Water Sources And Its Health Impacts In The South Of Karak City, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Abstract

This study undertakes a critical examination of groundwater resources in the southern region of Karak district, with a particular emphasis on the concentration levels of radon and heavy metals such as iron, chromium, and zinc. The analysis aims to assess potential health risks associated with these contaminants, employing hazard quotient and daily chronic intake calculations as evaluative metrics. A comprehensive sampling effort yielded 30 water samples for radon analysis and an equal number for the assessment of Fe, Zn, and Cr. Results indicate radon levels in drinking water samples with a mean of 8.4 ± 0.4 Bq l-1, a maximum of 21.3 ± 0.9 Bq l-1, and a minimum of 3.85 ± 0.2 Bq l-1. Iron concentrations ranged from 0.010 ppm to an unspecified upper limit, averaging 0.06837 ppm, while chromium levels spanned from 0.020 ppm to 0.7 ppm, with a mean value of 0.0911 ppm. Zinc concentration fluctuated between 24 ppb and 52 ppb, averaging 39.433 ppb. This research provides critical insights into water quality challenges in the region, serving as a foundational resource for evidence-based policymaking and public health initiatives.