Abstract:
This study, conducted in Islamabad and Wah Cantt, Pakistan, systematically investigates the elemental composition of commonly consumed salt varieties, including pink, white, refined, and unrefined salts. The research focuses on essential and nonessential elements, heavy metals, and microbial contamination, aiming to assess potential health risks associated with these substances. Samples were collected from local shops, and the analysis revealed a presence of bacteria exceeding recommended limits, while elemental concentrations remained within Codex standards. Health risk assessments demonstrated acceptable estimated daily intake levels and low hazard quotients, with cancer risk values for carcinogenic elements falling within tolerable ranges. The findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring and adherence to international standards to ensure the safety of salt consumed by the population. Despite microbial contamination, the tested elements were found to be within permissible limits. The study emphasizes the critical need for ongoing monitoring, enhanced quality control measures, and heightened public awareness to safeguard salt products and uphold public health standards.
