Abstract:
Pakistan might confront a significant climate change issue. To reduce these concerns, the
government and public society must work together at all level. Pakistan's yearly mean
temperature has risen by about 0.6°C in the previous 40 years. In the previous 10 years, the
frequency of heat wave days has grown roughly fivefold. Annual precipitation has showed
great unpredictability in the past but has grown modestly in the previous 50 years. In the
previous century, the sea level along the Karachi coast has increased by around ten cm. For a
central global emissions scenario, the annual mean temperature in Pakistan is anticipated to
rise by 4°C to 6°C by the end of the century, whereas greater world emissions may result in a
rise of 5°C to 7°C. The average annual rainfall is not projected to have a long-term trend, but
it is expected to vary greatly from year to year. By the end of the century, sea level is anticipated
to increase another 65 cm, affecting low-lying coastal regions south of Karachi, including Keti
Bander and the Indus River delta. Pakistan is predicted to have increasing fluctuation in river
flows as a result of increased precipitation variability and glacier melting under future climate
change scenarios. Due to greater evaporation rates, the need for irrigation water may increase.
Wheat and basmati rice yields are predicted to fall, causing production to shift north, depending
on water availability. The amount of water available for hydropower generating may decrease.
Increased air conditioning demands are projected to increase energy consumption as
temperatures rise. The efficiency of nuclear and thermal power plants may be reduced as air
and water temperatures rise. Extreme heat waves may result in an increase in mortality. High
rains and flash floods may put additional strain on urban drainage systems.
