http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/117 Thu, 16 Apr 2026 18:03:24 GMT 2026-04-16T18:03:24Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/20966 ASSESSING THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF CONVENTIONAL BANKS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS PRE AND POST COVID-19 USING THE CAMEL APPROACH Farooq, Fiza Reg # 69871; Mehmood, Nimra Reg # 69857; Javed, Maryam Reg # 69875 Purpose. This study uses the CAMEL method to observe the financial performance of Pakistani commercial banks before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, directing capital adequacy, asset quality, management efficiency, earning quality, and liquidity positions. Methodology: Secondary data from financial statements of 15 commercial banks in Pakistan (2013-2023) were analyzed using descriptive and numerous regression analyses, along with diagnostic tests to confirm validity. Findings: The fixed effect model illustrates that higher capital adequacy and net interest margin are associated with increased ROA, while higher non-performing loans and net interest expenses are associated with decreased ROA. A dummy variable for COVID-19 indicates the pandemic negatively impacted ROA, highlighting its adverse effects on bank performance. Value/Originality: This study applies the CAMEL approach to assess the financial performance of Pakistani banks pre- and post-COVID-19, contributing valuable insights for crisis management and bank performance evaluation for regulators and policymakers. Result: Results show improved capital adequacy and earning quality, likely due to regulatory support and digital banking. However, asset quality, managerial efficiency, and liquidity worsened, leading to lower profitability. Strategic measures are needed to enhance resilience and stability in the sector. Supervised by Sobia Murtaza Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/20966 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/20967 ASSESSING THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF CONVENTIONAL BANKS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS PRE AND POST COVID-19 USING THE CAMEL APPROACH Farooq, Fiza Reg # 69871; Mehmood, Nimra Reg # 69857; Javed, Maryam Reg # 69875 Purpose. This study uses the CAMEL method to observe the financial performance of Pakistani commercial banks before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, directing capital adequacy, asset quality, management efficiency, earning quality, and liquidity positions. Methodology: Secondary data from financial statements of 15 commercial banks in Pakistan (2013-2023) were analyzed using descriptive and numerous regression analyses, along with diagnostic tests to confirm validity. Findings: The fixed effect model illustrates that higher capital adequacy and net interest margin are associated with increased ROA, while higher non-performing loans and net interest expenses are associated with decreased ROA. A dummy variable for COVID-19 indicates the pandemic negatively impacted ROA, highlighting its adverse effects on bank performance. Value/Originality: This study applies the CAMEL approach to assess the financial performance of Pakistani banks pre- and post-COVID-19, contributing valuable insights for crisis management and bank performance evaluation for regulators and policymakers. Result: Results show improved capital adequacy and earning quality, likely due to regulatory support and digital banking. However, asset quality, managerial efficiency, and liquidity worsened, leading to lower profitability. Strategic measures are needed to enhance resilience and stability in the sector. Supervised by Sobia Murtaza Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/20967 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/20974 IMPACT OF FINANCIAL INNOVATION ON BANKS PERFORMANCE; MODERATING ROLE OF BOARD EXPERTISE Khan, Areeba Reg # 69873; Ahmed, Syed Hamza Reg # 69881; Malik, Abdul Reg # 70398 Different invocation association between financial studies have been conducted regarding the and bank performance but the outcomes of these studies are inconsistent. The moderating effect of board expertise, has not been inspected by the researchers. In the light of this context, the following work contributes to highlight the importance of board expertise to explain the relationship between bank performance and financial innovation. This study contains a sample of twenty listed banks of Pakistan from the period ranging from 2009 to2022. The regressions analysis indicates an observable impact of board expertise on the characteristics of financial innovation. The banking sector of Pakistan responds positively to the adaption of financial innovation and technological advancements to increase the bank performance. This research will help the policy makers and the banking authorities to move towards money production because the increase in money production leads to better banking performance. The discussion here suggests that the impact of risk innovations, horizon innovations and specific innovations on returns and resources depends on the level of professional firms. Supervised by Qaiser Abbas Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/20974 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/20971 IMPACT OF LIQUIDITY CREATION & CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ON THE BANK’S PROFITABILITY Rehman, Eman Mufeez Reg # 69877; Jameel, Fiza Reg # 69872; Sana Reg # 69884 Objective of the study The study investigates the i impact of liquidity creation and corporate governance on banks' profitability in Pakistan. Data & Method To achieve the research objectives, was a quantitative research design was adopted. Secondary data gathered from 2004 to 2022. Multiple regression techniques were used to identify the impact of liquidity creation and corporate governance on banks' profitability. Results The study s findings suggest that liquidity creation has a negative significant impact on bank profitability. This means that when banks prioritize profit over liquidity creation, liquidity decreases in Pakistan. Furthermore, corporate governance also has a negative significant impact on the bank's profitability. Conclusion This study explores the relationship between liquidity creation, corporate governance, and bank profitability in Pakistan's commercial banking sector. It emphasizes the importance of effective governance, prudent risk management, transparent governance, and strategic decision-making for long-term profitability. Policy implication The study provides valuable insights for policymakers, regulators, and stakeholders aiming to enhance the financial stability and performance research may explore additional factors. Supervised by Asad Ali Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/20971 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z