http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/10345 2026-08-05T07:28:03Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/19033 2-D Seismic Data Interpretation of Qadirpur Area, Pakistan Ammad Ali Tariq Aim of the study is to interpret 2D-Seismic Reflection time section of the Qadirpur Area (Sindh Province) Pakistan. This seismic section is a Pre-stacked time migrated section and was provided by the Department of Earth Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad and this line bears the title 985-QPR-03 It is about 40 Kms in length and is oriented in SW-NE direction. OGDC acquired data in October 1998 and processed it in January 1999. The velocity information is in the form of RMS. DIX interval and DIX average at different times is given, and is provided at selected S.P. RMS velocity varies from 1500 m/s to 5000 m/s Interpreted part of this line from S.P. # 460 to S.P # 720, with CDPs from 920 to 1440 Length of this part of seismic section is 13 Kms. For interpretation of this part of Seismic section, four reflectors and 2 faults are marked on the basis of prominent reflections from subsurface horizons due to changes in lithology and diffractions. Using the RMS velocity given in the velocity panels on seismic section for selected shot points, calculate the time on constant velocity interval of 100m/sec Then using these calculated time and velocity values prepare the Iso-velocity graph and Iso-time graph (for mean line method) by taking constant velocity and time respectively, In Mean line Method of velocity estimation, a velocity vs time graph is prepared. From this graph, a mean average velocity is determined. From Seismic Section, arrival times (two ways) of each marked reflector are determined, Using these arrival times, Time Section is prepared. Also using these arrival times, calculate the average velocity for these times on mean line graph and then the depth of each reflector has been calculated using s(vt)/2 and is represented in Depth Section. Depth Section provides a reliable picture of reflectors and structures present in the subsurface of the area. Well correlation is also done, which satisfy the calculated depths, so horizons have been marked Interpretation of the Project Area shows that, extensional regime and calm environment prevails in the area. Reflectors are almost flat-lying, whereas Horst and Graben structures have been found. Supervised by Mr. Rashid Jamil 2907-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/21537 Evaluation of Structural Driven Geothermal Systems: A Comprehensive Geophysical Analysis in Thar Platform, Southern Indus Basin, Pakistan Zohaib Naseer, 01-286222-004 Geothermal energy resources are a renewable energy source that is an emerging field worldwide. These resources are economically viable and environmentally sustainable. Geothermal energy potential exists in Pakistan; however, these resources have not yet been fully tapped due to a lack of research interest and proper methodology. The current study aims to determine the potential of geothermal energy in the subsurface by utilizing 2D and 3D seismic and well data to explore the geothermal potential of the sandstone reservoir in the Southern Indus Basin of Pakistan. The study area, Sanghar Block, lies in the Thar Platform. The major subsurface structures present in this area are horst and graben, which are considered perfect structure for the trapping of geothermal energy. The detailed studies are performed on the Lower Goru Formation, which is considered as major reservoir in the study area. Effective evaluation of geothermal reservoir characteristics from well and seismic data plays a fundamental role in harnessing subsurface geothermal resources. Facies identification was achieved using borehole data through artificial intelligence techniques, indicating that the key facies present in the Lower Goru Formation are shale and sandstone. As the shale containing naturally radioactive lithology have a radioactive element like U, Th and K, which are also considered a source of heat. It has been considered based on present studies that the existence of radioactive elements such as U, K, and Th in these facies is a dynamic source of heat in the subsurface. Geothermal reservoir properties such as average porosity, the volume of shale, heat production, radiogenic heat production, and permeability were computed from well logs and seismic data. A DFFNN was utilized to demonstrate the variation of geothermal reservoir characteristics along the seismic transect. In the DFFNN data is split into 70 % for training and 30% for testing purposes. The models are optimizing by using multiple hidden layers which control the over and underfitting of geothermal and petrophysical model parameters. The major function of DFFNN is to boost the incorporation of well and seismic data for geothermal reservoir characterization by estimating rock characteristics gained from model based seismic inversion. DFFNN technique achieved excellent correlation values from 85-98% for geothermal and petrophysics properties by utilizing multiple attributes while in traditional techniques which often suffer from poor resolution and high ambiguities when estimating these properties. The current research is innovative because of its amalgamation of machine learning and statistical methods, which permits the evaluation of geothermal properties (average porosity, the volume of shale, heat production, radiogenic heat production, and permeability) on seismic sections that are typically insights in the studied interval. The results of subsurface geothermal reservoir characteristics average values derived from logs curve data: average porosity (15.90%), volume of shale (33.80%), heat production (0.933 µW/m3), radiogenic heat production (1.20 µW/m3), and permeability (16.37 mD) are relatively promising which signifies that the present study zone is promising for geothermal potential. The quality control of seismic to well ties is confirmed by generating the relationship between synthetic seismogram, real seismic and time to depth chart, while the validation of facies prediction is confirmed by using well reports. The geothermal analysis is compared with published and international values for the validation of results Based on the current results, it has been determined that the innovative methods have enhanced prediction accuracy and minimized the ambiguity in geothermal characteristics, and this study has a positive impact on Pakistan renewable policy as it provides an alternate source of fossil fuel and coal and promote renewable energy target. Key words: Geothermal Energy, Heat Production, Radiogenic Heat Production, Permeability, Machine Learning, Deep Feed Forward Neural Network. Supervised by Dr. Muhsan Ehsan 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/19890 Analysis of Drinking Water Quality of Tehsil Kotli Sattiyan, District Murree, Punjab, Pakistan Andleeb Arshad A study was carried out in Murree, District Kotli Sattiyan, to evaluate the quality of drinking water. A total of 50 water samples from bore and spring sources were collected from ten randomly selected villages, with five samples taken from each village, including Lahtral, Chanat, Ghuniya, Batahal, Kotli, Parchan, Burj, Phofandi, Khalabut, and Bun. These samples underwent physicochemical, bacterial, and elemental analyses, alongside a questionnaire survey to assess villagers' perceptions regarding the quality of their drinking water. The physical parameters from bore water in villages Lahtral, Chanat , Ghuniya, and Batahal indicated that pH, salts, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) exceeded safe limits, while other parameters were within acceptable ranges. The water quality of the villages can be ranked in the following decreasing order: Chanat (2) > Ghuniya (3) > Batahal (4) > Lahtral (1). The villages Kotli, Parchan , Burj , Phofandi , Khalabut , and Bun had pH, Salt and (TDS) above the safe limits, and other parameters were within the permissible range. The quality can be shown in the following decreasing order: Bun (10) > Phofandi (8) > Khalabut (9) > Kotli (5) > Burj (7) > Parchan (6). The results of chemical parameters showed that villages Lahtral, Chanat, Ghuniya, Batahal had hardness, Alkalinity, magnesium and calcium ions above safe limits. Other parameters such as Na, Cl, (NaCl) were within the limits. The water quality of the villages can be ranked in the following decreasing order: Ghuniya (3) > Lahtral (1) > Chanat (2) > Batahal (4). The results of villages Kotli, Burj, Khalabut, Phofandi, Parchan, Bun had same parameters above the safe limits. The quality can be shown in the following decreasing order: Kotli (5) > Burj (7) > Khalabut (9) > Phofandi (8) > Parchan (6) > Bun (10). Total bacteria, SS species, and coliforms were found in all water samples. Village Batahal had poor water quality compared to the other three villages with the highest coliform and total bacterial species in groundwater samples. Villages Kotli and Bun had the highest number of coliforms and total bacterial species in the spring water samples, making it unfit for consumption. All elements in drinking water samples (Bore and spring) from 10 villages were within World Health Organization (WHO) and National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQs) limits, except for Selenium (Village Bun) and Barium (Villages Burj and Khalabut) which exceeded allowed limits. The study revealed that heavy metal levels in drinking water were within recommended limits, yet 70% of villages expressed concern about water quality. While 65% of respondents relied on boiling and handmade filters instead of Formal water testing, awareness of local water quality policies was low, with only 22.4% informed about them. The findings emphasized the urgent need for increased awareness and actions to ensure access to safe drinking water. Although respondents prioritized water quality, issues such as taste, odor, and residue were noted, there is a need for further research in this area. Supervised by Dr. Asma Jamil 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/19892 Microfacies Analysis and Biostratigraphy of Lockhart Limestone Kuza Gali Hazara Basin Pakistan Nauman Ali, 01-262221-017 The Lockhart Limestone, a prominent Paleocene carbonate unit in northern Pakistan's Hazara Basin that provides important information about the geological, depositional, and diagenetic processes of the area. This study uses petrographic examinations of exposures in the Kuza Gali region as well as field observations to investigate its lithological, biostratigraphic, and diagenetic features. The limestone exhibits notable diagenetic changes, including micritization, neomorphism, and stylolitic fabrics, and is distinguished by medium-grained, nodular lithology interbedded with shale and marl. Important benthic foraminifera, such as Lockhartia haimei and Miscellanea miscella, were found by biostratigraphic research to be suggestive of a Thanetian (Upper Paleocene) date and deposition in warm, shallow marine habitats. Four depositional types, bioclastic packestone, wackestone, wacke-packestone, and mud-wackestone, were identified by microfacies analysis, representing environments ranging from open maritime shelves to enclosed lagoons. Its potential as a reservoir for minerals and hydrocarbons was increased by the strong influence of diagenetic processes under burial, meteoric, and marine settings on porosity and permeability. The stratigraphic context points to deposition during the closure of the Neo-Tethys Sea in a tectonically stable environment. To improve paleogeographic interpretations and evaluate resource viability, this study emphasizes the importance of the Lockhart Limestone in reconstructing regional paleoenvironmental and tectonic histories as well as its economic potential. It also suggests that future research integrate sedimentological modeling, isotopic studies, and geochemical analyses. Supervised by Dr. Mumtaz Ali Khan 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z