http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/10345 2026-09-15T20:20:38Z 2026-09-15T20:20:38Z Ammad Ali Tariq http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/19033 2025-02-07T10:54:48Z 2907-01-01T00:00:00Z

2-D Seismic Data Interpretation of Qadirpur Area, Pakistan Ammad Ali Tariq Aim of the study is to interpret 2D-Seismic Reflection time section of the Qadirpur Area (Sindh Province) Pakistan. This seismic section is a Pre-stacked time migrated section and was provided by the Department of Earth Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad and this line bears the title 985-QPR-03 It is about 40 Kms in length and is oriented in SW-NE direction. OGDC acquired data in October 1998 and processed it in January 1999. The velocity information is in the form of RMS. DIX interval and DIX average at different times is given, and is provided at selected S.P. RMS velocity varies from 1500 m/s to 5000 m/s Interpreted part of this line from S.P. # 460 to S.P # 720, with CDPs from 920 to 1440 Length of this part of seismic section is 13 Kms. For interpretation of this part of Seismic section, four reflectors and 2 faults are marked on the basis of prominent reflections from subsurface horizons due to changes in lithology and diffractions. Using the RMS velocity given in the velocity panels on seismic section for selected shot points, calculate the time on constant velocity interval of 100m/sec Then using these calculated time and velocity values prepare the Iso-velocity graph and Iso-time graph (for mean line method) by taking constant velocity and time respectively, In Mean line Method of velocity estimation, a velocity vs time graph is prepared. From this graph, a mean average velocity is determined. From Seismic Section, arrival times (two ways) of each marked reflector are determined, Using these arrival times, Time Section is prepared. Also using these arrival times, calculate the average velocity for these times on mean line graph and then the depth of each reflector has been calculated using s(vt)/2 and is represented in Depth Section. Depth Section provides a reliable picture of reflectors and structures present in the subsurface of the area. Well correlation is also done, which satisfy the calculated depths, so horizons have been marked Interpretation of the Project Area shows that, extensional regime and calm environment prevails in the area. Reflectors are almost flat-lying, whereas Horst and Graben structures have been found. Supervised by Mr. Rashid Jamil

2907-01-01T00:00:00Z Zohaib Naseer, 01-286222-004 http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/21537 2026-07-28T04:19:29Z 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

Evaluation of Structural Driven Geothermal Systems: A Comprehensive Geophysical Analysis in Thar Platform, Southern Indus Basin, Pakistan Zohaib Naseer, 01-286222-004 Geothermal energy resources are a renewable energy source that is an emerging field worldwide. These resources are economically viable and environmentally sustainable. Geothermal energy potential exists in Pakistan; however, these resources have not yet been fully tapped due to a lack of research interest and proper methodology. The current study aims to determine the potential of geothermal energy in the subsurface by utilizing 2D and 3D seismic and well data to explore the geothermal potential of the sandstone reservoir in the Southern Indus Basin of Pakistan. The study area, Sanghar Block, lies in the Thar Platform. The major subsurface structures present in this area are horst and graben, which are considered perfect structure for the trapping of geothermal energy. The detailed studies are performed on the Lower Goru Formation, which is considered as major reservoir in the study area. Effective evaluation of geothermal reservoir characteristics from well and seismic data plays a fundamental role in harnessing subsurface geothermal resources. Facies identification was achieved using borehole data through artificial intelligence techniques, indicating that the key facies present in the Lower Goru Formation are shale and sandstone. As the shale containing naturally radioactive lithology have a radioactive element like U, Th and K, which are also considered a source of heat. It has been considered based on present studies that the existence of radioactive elements such as U, K, and Th in these facies is a dynamic source of heat in the subsurface. Geothermal reservoir properties such as average porosity, the volume of shale, heat production, radiogenic heat production, and permeability were computed from well logs and seismic data. A DFFNN was utilized to demonstrate the variation of geothermal reservoir characteristics along the seismic transect. In the DFFNN data is split into 70 % for training and 30% for testing purposes. The models are optimizing by using multiple hidden layers which control the over and underfitting of geothermal and petrophysical model parameters. The major function of DFFNN is to boost the incorporation of well and seismic data for geothermal reservoir characterization by estimating rock characteristics gained from model based seismic inversion. DFFNN technique achieved excellent correlation values from 85-98% for geothermal and petrophysics properties by utilizing multiple attributes while in traditional techniques which often suffer from poor resolution and high ambiguities when estimating these properties. The current research is innovative because of its amalgamation of machine learning and statistical methods, which permits the evaluation of geothermal properties (average porosity, the volume of shale, heat production, radiogenic heat production, and permeability) on seismic sections that are typically insights in the studied interval. The results of subsurface geothermal reservoir characteristics average values derived from logs curve data: average porosity (15.90%), volume of shale (33.80%), heat production (0.933 µW/m3), radiogenic heat production (1.20 µW/m3), and permeability (16.37 mD) are relatively promising which signifies that the present study zone is promising for geothermal potential. The quality control of seismic to well ties is confirmed by generating the relationship between synthetic seismogram, real seismic and time to depth chart, while the validation of facies prediction is confirmed by using well reports. The geothermal analysis is compared with published and international values for the validation of results Based on the current results, it has been determined that the innovative methods have enhanced prediction accuracy and minimized the ambiguity in geothermal characteristics, and this study has a positive impact on Pakistan renewable policy as it provides an alternate source of fossil fuel and coal and promote renewable energy target. Key words: Geothermal Energy, Heat Production, Radiogenic Heat Production, Permeability, Machine Learning, Deep Feed Forward Neural Network. Supervised by Dr. Muhsan Ehsan

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z Ali Naqi, 09-262242-012 http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/21675 2026-09-03T09:15:30Z 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

Geochemical Assessment and Resource Potential of the Critical Minerals in Salt Range Formation, Punjab, Pakistan: An Integrated Approach Using AI and Ml for Renewable Energy Resources Ali Naqi, 09-262242-012 The increasing demand for critical minerals required in renewable-energy technologies has encouraged the reassessment of underexplored sedimentary and evaporitic successions. This study evaluates the reconnaissance-level critical-element potential of the Salt Range Formation, Punjab, Pakistan, with emphasis on lithium and associated strategic elements in the Billianwala Salt, Sahwal Marl, and Bandarkas Gypsum members. A total of 23 representative samples were collected from salt, marl, and gypsum lithologies and analyzed through Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS). The results are interpreted as aqua-regia-extractable geochemical concentrations where aqua regia digestion was used, rather than total-rock abundances, because this method mainly dissolves soluble salts, carbonates, sulfides, oxides, organic matter, claybound fractions, and weakly adsorbed phases, but may not completely dissolve resistant silicate minerals. The geochemical dataset was assessed through lithology-wise comparison, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, K-Means clustering, Isolation Forest anomaly detection, and integrated exploration-priority ranking. The results show that critical-element enrichment is not uniformly distributed across the evaporitic succession. Instead, enrichment is mainly controlled by lithology. Marl samples show the strongest relative enrichment in lithium, boron, rare earth elements, uranium, vanadium, and zinc, whereas rock salt and gypsum display more selective evaporite-related signatures, particularly for strontium, barium, and potassium. The highest aqua-regia-extractable lithium value is recorded in Marl-7, followed by other marl-dominated samples, indicating localized enrichment within fine-grained reactive facies rather than broad enrichment throughout the formation. The AI/ML component was used as an exploratory decision-support tool, not as definitive proof of mineralization. Because the dataset is limited and lacks independent mineralization labels, supervised model accuracy is not emphasized. Instead, multivariate and anomalydetection methods are used to recognize geochemical patterns and identify priority samples for follow-up work. The results do not establish an economically viable criticalmineral deposit. Future work should include denser sampling, total digestion, XRD, SEM-EDS, petrography, and mineral-host validation to assess the true resource significance of the identified anomalies Supervised by Dr. Mumtaz Ali Khan

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z Umar Zaman, 09-262242-021 http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/21674 2026-09-03T08:58:16Z 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

Geochemical Assessment and Resource Potential of the Critical Minerals in Sardhai Formation, Punjab, Pakistan Umar Zaman, 09-262242-021 This study presents a geochemical characterization and mineral potential of the Sardhai Formation, an Early Permian clay dominated unit of the Nilawahan Group exposed within the Salt Range fold and thrust belt of Pakistan. Twenty-two clay samples collected from two outcrop localities near Kallar Kahar were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to evaluate the formation's critical mineral inventory. Because the unit is lithologically uniform, the dataset offers a controlled framework in which elemental variability can be attributed primarily to post depositional processes rather than primary depositional differences. Results show mean values of; lithium (0.26398 ppm), vanadium (1.06501 ppm), manganese (2.19484 ppm), beryllium (0.04840 ppm), gallium (0.12050 ppm), niobium (0.07946 ppm), nickel (0.11183 ppm), chromium (0.34034 ppm), zirconium (0.03512 ppm), hafnium (0.00723 ppm), titanium (0.35212 ppm), the light rare earth elements (0.56496 ppm), and lastly uranium at (0.28650 ppm), they occur at the highest and are most consistently quantifiable concentrations. Non oxidized samples consistently retain higher concentrations of these elements than their oxidized counterparts, indicating that oxidative weathering, structurally driven fluid rock interaction, and the formation's position within the fold and thrust belt, rather than original sedimentary composition, govern present day critical mineral distribution. One sample constitutes a distinct multi element, rare earth enriched anomaly. Despite these detectable patterns, absolute concentrations remain below economic threshold throughout, and the dataset is best characterized as reconnaissance level rather than indicative of economic mineralization. The findings nonetheless demonstrate that fine grained clay successions in the Salt Range can act as meaningful repositories of critical elements and establish a baseline for future investigation. Recommended follow up work includes denser, non-oxidized patch focused sampling, clay phase identification, sequential extraction, fluid inclusion and isotopic studies, and structural mapping, all of which are necessary before any assessment of resource potential can be responsibly made Supervised by Dr. Mumtaz Ali Khan

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z